Monday, December 15, 2003
Time Frame: Summary of Rebellion, Invasion, and Expansion:
965 Pau (k) Kapohaakia (w) -
975 A.D. Solar eclipse in the reign of Lonohuanewa -
990 Huanuikalalailai Kapoea (w) -
10th c.AD. [Battle of Kaniuho’ohio (Maui under Huanui defeated chiefs
of Hilo district. Hawaii]
1015 Paumakua (k) Manokalililani (w) -
1040 Haho (k) Kauilaianapa (w) -
1065 Palena (k) Hikawainui (w) Palena (k) Hikawainui
1090 Hanala’aiki (k) Kapukapu (w) Hanala’anui (k) Mahuia (w)
1115 Mauiloa (k) Kauhua (w) Lanakawai (k) Kolohialaiiokawai
According to Hawaiian tradition, high priest Pa’ao arrived from the south in the
time of Lonokawai (i.e. Lonokawai), and built two walled heiau,
Waha’ula in Puna of
luakini class and Mo’okini in Kohala in the 12th century A.D. His descendants include
Hewahewa and Kapihe, high priests in the time of Kalaniopu’u and Kamehameha I.
1140 Alau (k) Puhia (w) La’au (k) Kukamolimolialoha
1165 Kanemokuhealii Keikauhale (w) Pilikaeakea (k) Hinaauaku (w)
1190 Lonomai (k) Kolu (w) Koa (k) Hinaaumai (w)
12th c. AD. [Siege of Haupu Fortress, Hilo and Kohala invaded Moloka’i,
in the time of
Kaupe’epe’e and Keoloewa ], Battle of Kaumelimeli
1215 Wakalana (k) Kauai (w) Ole 2 (k) Hinamailelii (w)
1240 Alo (k) Puhia (w) Kukohou (k) Hinakeuki (w)
1265 Kaheka (k) Maiaoula (w) Kaniuhi (k) Hiliamakani (w)
1290 Mapuleo (k) Kamaiokalani (w) Kanipahu (k)Alaikauakoko (w)
In the time of Kanipahu, he was district chief of Hamakua (Waimanu) district,
which was conquered by Kamaiole, district chief of Ka’u, Hawai’i.
Evidently at this
time, the 13th century A.D., Kohala’s highest ranking ali’i nui held the title of mo’i,
i.e., the paramount sovereignty probably established in the time of Pili.
[Malo, David (HA): 247-248]: “...Of Kanipahu we have this: Kanipahu was
from Hawaii, but the kingdom was seized by Kamaiole...At that time Kamaiole reigned
as king over Hawaii .”
[Daggett, R., and David Kalakaua, Legends and Myths of Hawaii, 1888:
97-113]:
“...About the period 1160 A.D., Kanipahu was the nominal sovereign of the island of
Hawaii...Although the sovereignty of the entire island was claimed by the Pili family,
disturbances were frequent in the time of Kanipahu...The newcomers...had also instituted
the title of mo’i, or supreme sovereign, whereas the several islands before had been
ruled by scores of independent chiefs, each claiming and holding as large a district as he
was able to defend” [97-98]
1315 Paukei (k) Painalea (w) Kalapana
Makeamalamaihanae
Under Kalapana, the residence of the paramount sovereign was established at
Waipi’o, Hamakua district, where Kahaimoelea (son of Kalapana and father of
Kalaunuiohua, district chief of Ka’u) has built Paka’alana heiau (started by Kalapana)
[Kalakaua, 1888: 177-178].
1340 Luakoa (k) Hinaapoapo Kahaimoeleaikaaikupou
Kapoakauluhailaa (w)
1365 A.D. Kuhimana (k) Kaumana (w) Kalaunuiohua Kaheka (w)
14th c.AD. Ka’u district chief Kalaunuiohua invaded and annexed Maui,
Moloka’i, and O’ahu; is defeated on Kaua’i in the time of Kukona
The ability of Kalaunuiohua to conquer Maui, Moloka’i, and O’ahu by
defeating the ali’i nui of the island in a single district, rather than to conquer each separate
district indicates centalization of political power in the dominant district of each island:
Maui (Kamaluohua , mo’i of Maui; Kahokuohua, ali’i nui of Moloka’i; Huapouleilei,
ali’i nui of O’ahu, and district chief of Wai’anae.
1315 Kamaluohua (k) Kapu (w) Kalapana (k) Makeamalama- (w)
1340 Loe (k) Waohaakuna (w) Kahaimoelea- Kapoakaulu (w)
1365 Kahaokuohua (k Hikakaiula (w) Kalaunuiohua (k) Kaheka (w)
1390 Kaulahea (k) 1 Kapohanaaupuni Kuaiwa (k) Kamuleilani (w)
1415 Kakae (k) Kapohauola (w) Kahoukapu (k) Laakapu (w)
1440 Kahekili (k) 1 Haukanuimakamaka Kauholanuimoku (k) Neula (w
1465 Kawaokaohele (k) Kepalaoa (w) Kihanuilulumoku (k) Waoilea (w)
1490 Piilani (k) Laielohelohe (w) Liloa (k) Akahiakuleana (w)
[Umialiloa (k)]
16th c. A.D. [Counterrebellion: ‘Umialiloa overthrew the sovereignty
of Hakau, successor to
Liloa in Waipi’o, Hamakua district].
16th c. A.D. [Hamakua district chief ‘Umialiloa (k) unified all six
district chiefdoms on the island
of Hawai’i]
16th c. A.D. [Counterrebellion: Kihapi’ilani overthrew the sovereignty
of Lonoapi’ilani on Maui]
1515 Pi’ikea (w) m. Umialiloa Kealiiokaloa (k)
had Kumalaenuiaumi (k) Kapulani (w)
Keawenuiaumi (k
16th c.A.D. [Counterrebellion: Keawenuiaumi overthrew the sovereignty
of his older brother,
Keali’iokaloa, successor to the paramount sovereignty over Hawai’i]
1515 Kihaapi’ilani (k) Kumaka (w) Keawenui (k) Koihalawai (w)
16th c.A.D [Counterrebllion: Kihapi’ilani overthrew the sovereignty of
his older brother,
Lonoapi’ilani, successor to the paramount sovereignty of Maui].
1540 Kamalalawalu (k) Piilaniwahine (w) Kanaloakuaana Kaikilani (w)
16th c. A.D. [Kamalalawalu of Maui invaded Hawai’i and was defeated by
Lonoikamakahiki,
son of Keawenuiaumi, and district chief of Ka’u]
1565 Kauhiakama (k) Kapukini (w) Keakealanikane Kealiiokalani (w)
1590 Kaulanikaumakaowakea Kaneakauhi (w) Keakamahana (w) Iwikauikaua
(k)
1615 Lonohonuakini (k) Kalanikauanakinilani Keakealani (w)
Kanaloakapulehu
Keaweikekahialiiokamoku (k)
1615 Kaulahea (k) 2 Papaikaniau (w) Keakealani (w) Kaneikaiwilani
(k)
Kalanikauleleiaiwi (w)
1640 - - Keaweikekahi- Kalanikauleleiaiwi
1665 Kekaulike (k) Kekuiapoiwanui (w) Keeaumokunui (k)
Kekelanui (w)
1690 - Keeaumokunui (k) Kamakaimoku
Keouanui (k)
17th c.A.D. [Kauaua-nui-a-Mahi, district chief of Kohala [and Hana
district Maui] was
defeated by the Hilo chiefs; Alapa’i-nui then went to Maui to live
with Keku’iapoiwanui, his half-sister (wife of Kekaulike 2.
Ke’eaumokunui was
then paramount sovereign of Hawai’i, although his home districts were Kona
and Kohala; Ke’eaumokunui routed Ka’I-i-mamao, his half-brother, district
chief of Ka’u; Alapa’inui returned to Hawai’i and overthrew Ke’eaumokunui]
1690 Kahekili (k) 2 Kauwahine (k) Kekelanui (w) Ha’ae (k)
Kekuiapoiwa (w) 2
[18th century A.D.]
[Kekaulike of Maui made frequent raids on Kona district to disturb the sovereignty
of Alapa’inui]
1715 Kalanikupule (k) Keouanui (k) Kekuiapoiwa (w) 2
1740 A.D. Kamehameha 1 born Kokoiki.
18 thcentury A.D.[After Kekaulike’s death, Kauhi-aimoku-a-Kama, rebelled in an attempt to
ovethrow the sovereignty of his older brother, Kamehamehanui of Maui;
Peleioholani assisted Kauhi-aimoku-a-Kama against Kamehamehanui, but
Alapa’inui gave aid to Kamehamehanui.
Kahekili 2 succeeded to the sovereignty of Maui, and regained the
fortress of Kauiki in Hana from the Kohala chiefs, who had held the
district title since the time of Kumalae-nui-a-Maui]
Kalaniopu’u tried to regain Hana district but failed in his several attempts against
Kahekili, losing the ‘Alapa Regiment. Kalaniopu’u died in 1781 A.D.
1782 A.D. Battle of Mokuohai between Kamehameha and Kiwala’o.
965 Pau (k) Kapohaakia (w) -
975 A.D. Solar eclipse in the reign of Lonohuanewa -
990 Huanuikalalailai Kapoea (w) -
10th c.AD. [Battle of Kaniuho’ohio (Maui under Huanui defeated chiefs
of Hilo district. Hawaii]
1015 Paumakua (k) Manokalililani (w) -
1040 Haho (k) Kauilaianapa (w) -
1065 Palena (k) Hikawainui (w) Palena (k) Hikawainui
1090 Hanala’aiki (k) Kapukapu (w) Hanala’anui (k) Mahuia (w)
1115 Mauiloa (k) Kauhua (w) Lanakawai (k) Kolohialaiiokawai
According to Hawaiian tradition, high priest Pa’ao arrived from the south in the
time of Lonokawai (i.e. Lonokawai), and built two walled heiau,
Waha’ula in Puna of
luakini class and Mo’okini in Kohala in the 12th century A.D. His descendants include
Hewahewa and Kapihe, high priests in the time of Kalaniopu’u and Kamehameha I.
1140 Alau (k) Puhia (w) La’au (k) Kukamolimolialoha
1165 Kanemokuhealii Keikauhale (w) Pilikaeakea (k) Hinaauaku (w)
1190 Lonomai (k) Kolu (w) Koa (k) Hinaaumai (w)
12th c. AD. [Siege of Haupu Fortress, Hilo and Kohala invaded Moloka’i,
in the time of
Kaupe’epe’e and Keoloewa ], Battle of Kaumelimeli
1215 Wakalana (k) Kauai (w) Ole 2 (k) Hinamailelii (w)
1240 Alo (k) Puhia (w) Kukohou (k) Hinakeuki (w)
1265 Kaheka (k) Maiaoula (w) Kaniuhi (k) Hiliamakani (w)
1290 Mapuleo (k) Kamaiokalani (w) Kanipahu (k)Alaikauakoko (w)
In the time of Kanipahu, he was district chief of Hamakua (Waimanu) district,
which was conquered by Kamaiole, district chief of Ka’u, Hawai’i.
Evidently at this
time, the 13th century A.D., Kohala’s highest ranking ali’i nui held the title of mo’i,
i.e., the paramount sovereignty probably established in the time of Pili.
[Malo, David (HA): 247-248]: “...Of Kanipahu we have this: Kanipahu was
from Hawaii, but the kingdom was seized by Kamaiole...At that time Kamaiole reigned
as king over Hawaii .”
[Daggett, R., and David Kalakaua, Legends and Myths of Hawaii, 1888:
97-113]:
“...About the period 1160 A.D., Kanipahu was the nominal sovereign of the island of
Hawaii...Although the sovereignty of the entire island was claimed by the Pili family,
disturbances were frequent in the time of Kanipahu...The newcomers...had also instituted
the title of mo’i, or supreme sovereign, whereas the several islands before had been
ruled by scores of independent chiefs, each claiming and holding as large a district as he
was able to defend” [97-98]
1315 Paukei (k) Painalea (w) Kalapana
Makeamalamaihanae
Under Kalapana, the residence of the paramount sovereign was established at
Waipi’o, Hamakua district, where Kahaimoelea (son of Kalapana and father of
Kalaunuiohua, district chief of Ka’u) has built Paka’alana heiau (started by Kalapana)
[Kalakaua, 1888: 177-178].
1340 Luakoa (k) Hinaapoapo Kahaimoeleaikaaikupou
Kapoakauluhailaa (w)
1365 A.D. Kuhimana (k) Kaumana (w) Kalaunuiohua Kaheka (w)
14th c.AD. Ka’u district chief Kalaunuiohua invaded and annexed Maui,
Moloka’i, and O’ahu; is defeated on Kaua’i in the time of Kukona
The ability of Kalaunuiohua to conquer Maui, Moloka’i, and O’ahu by
defeating the ali’i nui of the island in a single district, rather than to conquer each separate
district indicates centalization of political power in the dominant district of each island:
Maui (Kamaluohua , mo’i of Maui; Kahokuohua, ali’i nui of Moloka’i; Huapouleilei,
ali’i nui of O’ahu, and district chief of Wai’anae.
1315 Kamaluohua (k) Kapu (w) Kalapana (k) Makeamalama- (w)
1340 Loe (k) Waohaakuna (w) Kahaimoelea- Kapoakaulu (w)
1365 Kahaokuohua (k Hikakaiula (w) Kalaunuiohua (k) Kaheka (w)
1390 Kaulahea (k) 1 Kapohanaaupuni Kuaiwa (k) Kamuleilani (w)
1415 Kakae (k) Kapohauola (w) Kahoukapu (k) Laakapu (w)
1440 Kahekili (k) 1 Haukanuimakamaka Kauholanuimoku (k) Neula (w
1465 Kawaokaohele (k) Kepalaoa (w) Kihanuilulumoku (k) Waoilea (w)
1490 Piilani (k) Laielohelohe (w) Liloa (k) Akahiakuleana (w)
[Umialiloa (k)]
16th c. A.D. [Counterrebellion: ‘Umialiloa overthrew the sovereignty
of Hakau, successor to
Liloa in Waipi’o, Hamakua district].
16th c. A.D. [Hamakua district chief ‘Umialiloa (k) unified all six
district chiefdoms on the island
of Hawai’i]
16th c. A.D. [Counterrebellion: Kihapi’ilani overthrew the sovereignty
of Lonoapi’ilani on Maui]
1515 Pi’ikea (w) m. Umialiloa Kealiiokaloa (k)
had Kumalaenuiaumi (k) Kapulani (w)
Keawenuiaumi (k
16th c.A.D. [Counterrebellion: Keawenuiaumi overthrew the sovereignty
of his older brother,
Keali’iokaloa, successor to the paramount sovereignty over Hawai’i]
1515 Kihaapi’ilani (k) Kumaka (w) Keawenui (k) Koihalawai (w)
16th c.A.D [Counterrebllion: Kihapi’ilani overthrew the sovereignty of
his older brother,
Lonoapi’ilani, successor to the paramount sovereignty of Maui].
1540 Kamalalawalu (k) Piilaniwahine (w) Kanaloakuaana Kaikilani (w)
16th c. A.D. [Kamalalawalu of Maui invaded Hawai’i and was defeated by
Lonoikamakahiki,
son of Keawenuiaumi, and district chief of Ka’u]
1565 Kauhiakama (k) Kapukini (w) Keakealanikane Kealiiokalani (w)
1590 Kaulanikaumakaowakea Kaneakauhi (w) Keakamahana (w) Iwikauikaua
(k)
1615 Lonohonuakini (k) Kalanikauanakinilani Keakealani (w)
Kanaloakapulehu
Keaweikekahialiiokamoku (k)
1615 Kaulahea (k) 2 Papaikaniau (w) Keakealani (w) Kaneikaiwilani
(k)
Kalanikauleleiaiwi (w)
1640 - - Keaweikekahi- Kalanikauleleiaiwi
1665 Kekaulike (k) Kekuiapoiwanui (w) Keeaumokunui (k)
Kekelanui (w)
1690 - Keeaumokunui (k) Kamakaimoku
Keouanui (k)
17th c.A.D. [Kauaua-nui-a-Mahi, district chief of Kohala [and Hana
district Maui] was
defeated by the Hilo chiefs; Alapa’i-nui then went to Maui to live
with Keku’iapoiwanui, his half-sister (wife of Kekaulike 2.
Ke’eaumokunui was
then paramount sovereign of Hawai’i, although his home districts were Kona
and Kohala; Ke’eaumokunui routed Ka’I-i-mamao, his half-brother, district
chief of Ka’u; Alapa’inui returned to Hawai’i and overthrew Ke’eaumokunui]
1690 Kahekili (k) 2 Kauwahine (k) Kekelanui (w) Ha’ae (k)
Kekuiapoiwa (w) 2
[18th century A.D.]
[Kekaulike of Maui made frequent raids on Kona district to disturb the sovereignty
of Alapa’inui]
1715 Kalanikupule (k) Keouanui (k) Kekuiapoiwa (w) 2
1740 A.D. Kamehameha 1 born Kokoiki.
18 thcentury A.D.[After Kekaulike’s death, Kauhi-aimoku-a-Kama, rebelled in an attempt to
ovethrow the sovereignty of his older brother, Kamehamehanui of Maui;
Peleioholani assisted Kauhi-aimoku-a-Kama against Kamehamehanui, but
Alapa’inui gave aid to Kamehamehanui.
Kahekili 2 succeeded to the sovereignty of Maui, and regained the
fortress of Kauiki in Hana from the Kohala chiefs, who had held the
district title since the time of Kumalae-nui-a-Maui]
Kalaniopu’u tried to regain Hana district but failed in his several attempts against
Kahekili, losing the ‘Alapa Regiment. Kalaniopu’u died in 1781 A.D.
1782 A.D. Battle of Mokuohai between Kamehameha and Kiwala’o.
Friday, December 05, 2003
from about the middle of an 80-page paper written for
Title Guaranty Co., about 1998 on
American annexations.
C.3. Territories Annexed by the United States Treaties
with Purchase or
Assumption of Public Debt: Alaska (1867) and Hawaii
(1898). The two last
territories annexed by the United States in the 19th
century were Alaska and
Hawaii.
(C.) 3. (1.) Acquisition of Alaska [1867]...'[The]
land after ratification of
the republic's constitu tion [1894]. In the earlier
proposal for annexation,
the Commission of the Provisional Government [1893]
offered to cede Hawaii to
the United States, also requesting that it absorb the
public debt. The
annexation treaty of 1893 was refused. The Republic of
Hawaii was annexed as a
Territory of the United States by a joint resolution
of Congress (July, 1898),
on the following terms of exchange:
(a) Ceding of all 'public and crown' lands in fee
title to the Unitednment
(1893) and Republic of Hawaii (1894) after the
overthrow; (d) Payment to
Princess Ka'iulani, successor to the Hawaiian throne,
for her loss of
sovereignty, the full amount of $150,000. [*Note:
Ka'iulani died before this
could be realized as part of the settlement]. (C) 4.1. Explanation (Historical Background). '...The 1874 election for members of the house of representatives occurred on the day before King Lunalilo died, but it claims attention here because the representatives then chosen participated in the legislature met in the regular session of 1874, one subject awaiting action was the thirty constitutional amendments...only two of them were adopted in the session of 1874, these being amendments which removed the requirement of a property qualification for voters'...[Ibid.: 191-192]...
(*Note: The property qualification was installed in
the Constitution of 1864 by
Lot Kamehameha V) '...[E]nacted into law during this
session [1874] , a few
[laws] were passed, such as...one to authorize a
national loough the simple
process of borrowing. Two weeks after he became king,
he suggested to his
ministers several measures that he wished them to
consider and propose to the
legislature; a loan was at the head of the list...'
'...The minister of finance, in his report, estimated
the amounts needed... a
total of $230,000, and recommended a loan to raise
that amount...
'...On June 22, the king sent to the legislature a
special message in which he
referred to the need for expansion of the nation's
economy and he cabinet during
the first year of the reign' [Ibid.: 192-193].
The public debt of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1874 was
$355,000; thereafter it
accrued at a steady rate: 1876 $ 459,000
[Kalakaua]
1878 445,000 1880 389,000 1882
299,000 1884 899,000 1886 $1,066,000
1887 ['Bayonet Constitution']
1888 $1,934,000 [Kalakaua] 1890 1, 934,000
1891 [Death of Kalakaua] [Lili'uokalani] 1892
$2,314,000
[Lili'uokalani] 1893 [Rev Hawaii, 1977:647; Table
25.13 Funded Debt,
1856 to 1976].
(C). 4.2. Background of the One-Third 'Auhau (Taxable
Provender) Principle as
Revenue to the Ali'i Nui (Paramount Sovereign) in the
Public Treasury of
Government Lands as Lands of the Crown (Aina o ka Lei
Ali'i) [1848-1898].
In December, 1846 Kamehameha III had detained
William Little Lee, who was on
his way to Oregon Territory with a friend, Charles
Bishop. He appointed Lee, who
had credentials in law, a judge of the court of ori6
Act to Organize the
Executive Departments]...was the article relating to
the board of commissioners
to quiet land titles...passed December 10, 1845...
[Ibid.: 263].
Earlier, in the Laws of 1840-42 of the kingdom, the extinguished feudal titles to lands held by the paramount chiefs (ali'i nui), district chiefs (ali'i 'aimoku), and ahupua'a chiefs (ali'i 'ai ahupua'a) before the conquests [1782 - 1795, including the cession of Kaua'i, 1810] of Kamehameha I had been identified as ng of Kaumualii with Kamehameha I, on
shipboard' [Laws of 1840,
1842, Section 7 in Thurston, Lorrin A., The
Fundamental Law of Hawaii, 1904: 20]
In the Battle of Mokuohai [1782] Kamehameha defeated
the paramount title (ali'i
nui) of Kiwala'o, inherited from his father,
Kalaniopu'u, in all six districts
of the island of Hawai'i. The district titles (ali'i
'aimoku) of Kona
[Ke'eaumoku, Kame'eiamoku, Kamanawa, Keaweaheulu] were
left intact because
Kamehameha had bee title after defeat, and Ka'u, the
home district of Kiwala'o
was added to his territory. There was only one
exception: Kamehameha and Kona
chiefs would no longer be sending their proportional
'auhau taxes on provender
to the ruling chief of Ka'u. Keawema'uhili (Hilo) and Keouaku'ahu'ula (Ka'u and
Puna) were now in the position of paying the 'auhau
taxes to Kamehameha's
district. The losing chiefs allied with the high chief
of Maui, Kahekili against
Kamehameha ameha then made war on Kalanikupule and
Koalaukani, sons of
Kahekili, on Maui. On Maui Kamehameha won the decisive
battles of Ka'uwa'upali
and Ke-pani-wai-o-'Iao against Kahekili's sons. They
escaped to Waikiki for
safety at Kahekili's residence on O'ahu. In the
meantime Kamehameha put down the
rebellion of Keouaku'ahu'ula [district chief of Ka'u
and Puna] on Hawaii. Ka'eo,
a brother of Kahekili and high chief of Kaua'i,
fearing the power Kamfdom of
Maui and also his uncle Ka'eo's subordinate title to
Kaua'i and Ni'ihau under
the chiefdom of Maui. Kamehameha, however, was not
far behind, and Kalanikupule
had little time to incorporate his cousin Kaumuali'i
in stopping Kamehameha's
advance. Kamehameha engaged Kalanikupule at the
Battle of Nu'uanu [1795] where
he gained the entire title to the chiefdom of Maui,
Kaumuali'i ceding the
vanquished subordinate title ohowever, those residuums
which were taken previous
to the country's becoming subject to Kamehameha I...on
Hawaii, these are the
residuums to be restored, those which have been seized
since the Battle of
Mokuohai,--on Maui taken since the battle of
Kauwaupali, -- Oahu, all since the
battle of Nuuanu-- on Kauai all since the friendly
meeting of Kaumualii with
Kamehameha I, on shipboard' [Laws of 1840, 1842,
Section 7
(D). Statement of the Interpretation of Principles and Customary usage by the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles
(1845-1847)
[1836 Treaty]...'established in 1836, between this
government and Lord Edward
Rug...'
'...[Declaration of Rights, Section 3]...requires that
every tenant of land, by
whomsoever owned, shall work 36 days in the year for
the King or government,
showing clearly that there is no individual who has an
allodial title to the
soil, the title remaining with the King..
'...This appears clear, not only from the first
principles of justice, but also
from the first principles of justico this principle, a
tract of land now in the
hands of a landlord and occupied by tenants, if all
parts of it were
equallyvaluable, might be divided into three equal
parts, and anallodial
title to one then be given to the lord, and the same
title to the
tenants of one third, and the other one third would
remain in the hands
of the King, as his proportional right...' [An Act
to Organize thes
autocracy was, however, diminished by the King's
liberal and voluntary surrender
to his people in the Constitution, 8th October, 1840,
in which the
government or body politic and the King are for the
first time
contradistinguished as follows:
'...He (the King) also shall have the direction of the government property...
'He shall also retain his own private lands, and lands
forfeite Constitution of
1840, between government lands and private lands of
the King...' [Ibid.:6-7]
(3). The Creation of Government Lands as the 'Lands
of the Crown', or Crown
Lands, in the Great Mahele Law (1848):
'...AND WHEREAS, It hath pleased our Sovereign Lord
the King, to place the lands
so made over to his Chiefs and the People, in keeping
of the House of Nobles and
Rep.
In order to do this the king had to first defeat the
ali'i nui and 'aimoku
titles to lands of the sovereignty [i.e., lands of the
crown, government lands],
and the ali'i aimoku district titles. In a separate
action by which the titled
nobles wrote letters to Judd as Minister of Interior
listing the king's
separate lands, they deleted the lands which his
father had conquered Kanaina
(b) December 16, 1847: Abner Paki J. Ka'eo John I'i
Jonah Pi'ikoi
(c) December 18, 1847: Keohokalole C. Kapa'akea L.
Kaunuohua
Once these lands were confirmed, the next step in
separating the king's
allodial title into fee titles to the nobles was the negotiation at Pakaka, Jonah Pi'ikoi on behalf of the ali'i claims,rinciple of one-third 'auhau (tax assessed on provender) as the amount of proportional claim in kingdom lands. Fromived no lands from the king: Alexander Liholiho. [*see note below] His father,Matthew Kekuanaoa, his wife to be (Emma Rooke), sisters (Ruth Ke'elikolani and Victoria Kamamalu), and brothers (Moses and Lot Kamehameha) all received grants of their own. They began to enjoy their ownership of these lands immediately after the 1848 Mahele. [*Note: David Kalakaua, who became king, and his sister Lili'uokalani, who succeeded him as queen, received no lands directly from the Great Mahele (1848) but as the heirs of their mother, Keohokalole]. Alexander had to wait until the death of the king [December, 1854] in order to effect the provisions of the king's will [1853] as the heir of Kauikeaouli [Kameha-meha III] after the Probate of 1854, by which the remainder of lands (after setting side lands for Queen Kalama) became his inheritance.
All costs for the maintenance of the monarch while he
(or she) were in the
royal office were paid from the kingdom treasury ,
or public purse, under the
Minister of Finance. Beginning in 1846, sections of
the treasurer's report
called the 'Civil List' were required biennially
from the Minister of Finance.
The Civil List detailed expenditures which
government revenues paid for
support of the royal office of the sovereign monarch:
[1846] '...[For] the
support of the King's royal state, repairs of the
palace, forts, buoys and
government vessexpenses, including debts paid off,...$77,829.69... Balance of cash on hand this day, $20, 119. 52' [Report of the Minister of Finance Read Before His Majesty to the Hawaiian Legislature, Aug. 1, 1846]. In that year the Minister of Finance also stated:
'As compared with the previous year, the receipts at
the Treasury have increased
$11,901.53...while the expenses, including what has
been paid on the public
debt, have fallen short of the income. This desirable
result is in a great
measure to be ascribed to the rigid economy that has
been practiced in
every department of the government, of which the King
himself has set an
example' [Ibid.]
'...[D]ebts payable...$45,192.92; [D]ue the Treasury...$69,811.07; Leaving a balance in favor of the Treasury of $24,618.15.'
[1851]...'The receipts of the past year exceed those
of. '...The condition of
the revenue for the year ending 31st March, 1851...
[i.e., four years
later]...is unsually prosperous...derived from cash on
hand last year [1850],
$46, 191.18...
The greatest increase is from duties, licenses and
sales of land, a
sufficient proof of the growing prosperity of the
Islands, in commerce and
agriculture, no new taxes having been imposed...' [Ibid.p.12].
Sales of land imply that the Great Mahele land
division of 1848 was having a
direct effect on the economy:
'...The members of the 'Treasury Board,' now present
in the House of Nobles, may
look with much satisfaction upon the result of the
labors they undertook
in 1842, some of which are the extinction of the
national debt, with its
devouring 12 per cent per annum interest...
'...Again, there is, every year, a large amount of
cather ways expended so as
never to be taken away from the country...
'...Unlike many other countries, we have a sufficiency
of coin for the uses of
commerce...[(signed) G.P. Judd].
[1855]...' Most of our exports are made to the West
Coast of the United States,
and the import duties there upon our products are an
average of thirty per cent.
The removal of this restriction would undoubtedly
give a great
impulse to our agricultural interests, and afford
every inducement to the
investment of capital in this branch of industry, so
essential to the
prosperity of the islands'...[Ibid. 6].
'...It involves the same principles as those of the
treaty formed with Great
Britain, for reciprocal trade with British North
America. Our trade is as
important in degree to the citizens of the Pacific
coast of the United States,
asajesty's Privy Purse, $32,000 expended H.R.H.
Princess Victoria
4,000 ' H.R. H. Lot Kamehameha 8,000 '
Palace 7,000 ' Expenses of His Majesty's
Marriage 2,500 ' The Queen [Emma]
4,000 ' The Queen Dowager [Kalama] 2,000 ' His
Majesty's
secretary 2,000 ' Total $61,500 [*Note: 1863
Death of
Kamehameha IV; 1864 Reign of Kamehameha V] [1864]
Report of the Minister of
Finance [Reign of Kamehameha V] 'The amount to the
Queen Dowager [Emma]
($17,000) has been paid...I beg to call the attention
of your Honorable Body to
the extra appropriations made in Privy Council, in
consequence of the death of
our much lamented Sovereign, Kamehameha IV, and of his
son, the Prince of
Hawaii...
[1864-1865, continued]:
..'The administration of the estate of of lands of his
late Majesty
$13,753 From sheep 6,498 From other
personal property belonging to 7,255 his Majesty From
revenue of Crown Lands,
1864-1865 35,198 From bonds issued and cash from
treasury 27,000
$89,704
'...It will be borne in mind that some of the
Exchequer Billsl...were issued to
the Commissioners of Crown Lands...By the law the
bills so issued were made a
charge upon the revenue of Crown Lands....'
[(Signed) Charles C. Harris, Minister of Finance]
[*Note: Death of Lot Kamehameha V, 1872; succeeded by
first elected king,
William Lunalilo (1872-1873 reign); succeeded by David
Kalakaua (1873- 1891
reign]. [1874] '...The Public Debt...The total funded
debt amounts to
$340,200.00 On the 31st of March, 1872, the debt
was.......... '...Making
a total debt of.....................................................
$355,050.76
'...The interest charges on the debt are: Twelve per
cent per annum
on...............................$ 25,600.00 Nine per
cent per annum
on...................................$ 272,600.00
'Expenditures authorized by Privy and Cabinet Council:
Funeral of Kamehameha
V..................................... $ 11,661.62
Funeral of Lunalilo..................................................
$ 11,988.50
[1876] ' ...Total revenue for the period......................................$
1,008,191.85 The expenditure for the period......................................
919,356.93 Balance in the Treasury,
April 1, 1876.........................$ 89,599.49
Borrowed on
Bonds.........ounds:
This appropriation has been largely overdrawn, the
total amount expended being
$36,911.31; $8,360 of the sum, however, was for the
purchase of the Sumner lot
and house, on the north corner of the Palace Square.
'...On the examination of
the old Palace [i.e., Kamehameha III palace, formerly
Victoria Kamamalu's house]
it was found to be in such a condition that any
expenditure of money upon it for
extensive repairs would be wholly unadvisable.
[1878] '...Balance in the treasury 31st March
1876.......$ 89,599.49
'...Receipts for the period, April 21st to
Mar.31,1878...
1,151,713.45 '...Total
revenue..................................................................$1,241,
312.94 '...Total expenditures....................................................................
.............. $ 44,382.57 '.. His Majesty's
Privy Purse and Royal State
[Civil List] 45,000.00 '...Expenses of His Majesty at Washington.....................$ 20,000.00 '...His Royal Highness Prince Leleiohoku.......................$ 6,000.00
[1882] '...Under a resolution of the Assembly my
predecessor loaned the Crown
Commissioners for account of His Majesty the sum of
$27,000, of which sum $3,000
has been returned... '...The case of H.R.H. the
Princess Liliuokalani whom His
Majesty was pleased to appoint Regent during His
absence from the Kingdom last
year, was taken under consideration of the Ministers,
shortly after His
Majesty's departure, they decided to recommend to the
Minister of Finance to pay
Her Rosked [p.9] [(signed) John S. Walker, Minister of
Finance] 'Expenditures of
the Hawaiian Treasury for the Fiscal Period Ending
March 31, 1882...[Civil List,
(biennial)]:
His Majesty's Privy Purse and Royal
State............................. $
45,000.00 Her Majesty the Queen [i.e. Kapiolani......................................
10,000.00 H.R.H. Heir
Presumptive [i.e.Liliuokalani] (annual)............... 10,000.00 H.R.H. Princess Likelike..............................................................
8,000.00
H.M. Chamberlain and Secretary..............................................
5,000.00 H.M. Household Expenses.........................................................
16,000.00
Expenses of H................... 5,000.00 ......Rent
of Lot Aliiolani
Hale................. 720.00
[*Note: 'Lot Aliiolani Hale', formerly Kamehameha
Palace, now Supreme Court
Building] [1870 Reign of Kamehameha V [Civil List,
biennial, compared]: His
Majesty's Privy Purse and Royal
State............................ $ 35,000.00
His Majesty's Chamberlain and Secretary............................ 5,000.00 $
40,000.00
[1864] Reign of Kamehameha IV [Civil List, 1862-63,
compared]:
His Majesty's Privy Purse and Royal
State........................... $
34,000.00 H.R.H. the Prince of Hawaii......................................................
983.26 H.M. the
Queen [i.e. djust the loan amounts to give the true
total of receipts showing
actual income received (i.e., with loan amounts). The recapitulation readjustment immediately below is courtesy of preparer of this essay and is not from the 1884 report of John M. Kapena]:
>From Crown Commissioners, Loan to His Majesty........
12,000.00 From Loan Fund,
Act Aug. 12, 1882.................................
530,000.00 From Loan Act,
Sept. 27,
1876..........................................
138,900.00 $
680,000.00
Total: $ 3,092,085.42 Less
loan amount: 680,000.00 Readjusted: $
2,412,085.42
[1884 continued] Expenditures:
Department of Interior.....En........................
$ 10,000.00
Sundry Expenditures (and Indemnity accounts): Expense
of Loan
Act..................................................
3,005.25 Interest on Loan
Act, August 5, 1882...................... 11,652.00
Interest on Special Loan...........................................
2,070.10 Interest on Loan Act,
September 27th, 1876......... $ 9,423.00 [Civil List, expenditure total]: ......................................................
$ 148,500.00 [*Note:
increase of $48,500, compared with 1882, no breakdown]
[1886] Treasury balance, 31st day of March,
1884............. $
2,220.42 Treasury balance, April 1st, 1886.ed]:
'...Recapitulation............................................................
$
3,010.654.61 '...Present (public) debt................................................
1,065,600.00
[Civil List, breakdown]: '...H.M. Privy Purse and
Royal
State........................... $ 50,000.00 ....H.M.
the Queen...........................................................
16,000.00
....HRH Heir Presumptive...............................................
16,000.00 ....HRH Princess Likelike...............................................
12,000.00 ....HRH
Princess
Ka'iulani.............................................
5,000.00
....H.M. Chamberlain and Suragement of Japanese
Immigration............. $
241,127.14 ...Immigration of Portuguese........................................
86,130.76 ...For the return of South Sea Islanders..................... 9,347.25
[1887 Intermediate Report of the Minister of Finance]:
'The ordinary receipts for the same period (April 1st
to March 31st, 1888) were
estimated by the Minister of Finance at............ $
2,839,924.85 Leaving to
be raised by loan............................ $
1,727,452.16
'The Appropriation Bill for the biennial period from
April 1st to March 31st,
1888, calls for an Expenditure
of................................. $
4,567,477.16
'The 665,000.00
'Of the $2,000,000 loan authorized $1,500,000 has been
borrowed and disposed of.
Of this amount there has been netted in Honolulu and
San Francisco..................................................................
$
1,264,699.26 'The difference being made up by Expenses
of loan in Honolulu
$36,243.35 '...Commissions on $1,000,000 retained by
Syndicate in
London $70,000.00 '...For expenses
floating loan
in London (not allowed) $75,000.00
'...Loss on Exchange London to San Francisco......... $21,992.39 '...Rothschilds & Sons commissions.............................. 2,065.00 i.e., John M. Kapena] took up $500,000 of 6 per cent, Spreckels bonds not due, with the money raised in London; that is to say, he virtually exchanged one set of $500,000 six per cent bonds for another set of six per cent bonds to the same amount, but which were burdened with heavy charges (seven per cent, at least).
'...This money need not have been borrowed for this
purpose. Under this state
of circumstances, the financial arrangements of the
Treasury got into
confusion... '...[Table C] is a statement of
outstanding bills, and claims
payable at once or within a few months, amounting to $280,773.94...
'...The estimated requirements of the Hawai on the
London
Loan........................................ 30,000.00
'...Nominal amount that may be borrowed ...........................$ 200,000.00
[*Note: i.e., from unexpended balances of Loan Fund]
'...[Recapitulation]: Total estimated Receipts.......................$
986,000.00 Amount to be
borrowed........................$ 200,000.00 Amount
still to be received from London Syndicate......$
75,000.00 $1,261,044.64 Deduct
total Estimated requirements................................$1,039,450.64
Estimated surplus Dec. 31, 1887.......................................$
221,593.77 [(Signed1 Hawaiian Postal Savings Bank..................................$ 153,328.97 Loan Act of Aug. 1st, 1874..........................................$
9,000.00
[1887, continued] [Civil List]: H.M's Privy Purse...................................................
$ 31,250.00
H.M.the Queen........................................................
10,625.00
H.R.H. Heir
Presumptive.......................................
9,332.00 H.R.H. Likelike........................................................
5,000.00 H.R.H. Kaiulani........................................................
7,000.00
H.M.5,000.00 Palace Stables........................................................$
2,668.06
[(Table B.) Disposition of Loan, $1,500,000]:
[*Totals]: '...For National Debt
paid after Oct. 15,1886..................$ 970,081.42 '...Retained by Syndicate in London............$ 1,205,382.16 '...Expenditures against Loan Fund: [*Totals]:................................................................$
1,456,192.61
[Department of Foreign Affairs]: '...Outstanding
claims against
Kaimiloa......................$ 7,000.00
[1888] Total revenue.....................................................$
4,821,750.80 actory to report regarding the 15,000
pounds mentioned in my
Intermediate Report, dated October 31st last, as
having been illegally retained
in London out of the proceeds of the 200,000 pounds
negotiated in that city...
'...I see no other course open but to commence suit
against our London
Financial Agent...if the Legislature approves of
this... [(signed) W. L. Green,
Minister of Finance]
[1890] '...[I] beg leave to call to your notice the
withdrawal from the public
service of my predecessor, Hon. W. L. Green, on
account of serious ill health,on
the 20th July 1889...
[The Public Debt]: '...Outstanding Bonds, Ja..$
2,599,502.00 Increase of debt [quarter]..................................................
$ 62,885.16
'...The public debt is held under two heads:
1st. The Bonded debt: this is distributed over a
series of years and bears
interest as follows:
6 per cent, bearing bonds, free of tax (of which
$1,000,000 are held in
London...[etc]..
2nd. The Postal Savings Bank deposits, subject to call
on 30 and 60 days'
notice, according to amount of deposit, and bearing
interest at the rate of
four and one-half percent per annum, amounts
to...$947,000.
'...[p.4, comment on the debt by the Minih, 1890.
'...Before proceeding
to a statement of the assets, your attention is drawn
to the returns which this
country is approximately receiving from parties who
have arrived under
the auspices of the Board of Immigration since 1864 ;
and to arrive at this
estimate, the figures have only been taken from
those who pay taxes
under the ten dollar limit... '...Taking Germans,
Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese
and a few of other nationalities, the number is found
to be 23,190, producing an
annual tax income of $112,654...
'...This I am satisfied is a low estimate, as it is
within a nancially speaking,
is a handsome percentage of profit...I cannot pass the
subject without alluding
to the real wealth
that is accruing to the state from the permanent
settlement of these various
nationalities...
'...Summary of Inventory and Estimated Value of
Property Belonging to the
Hawaiian Government
....................................... $ 5,797,576.00
[Expenditures, Civil List]: His Majesty's Privy Purse............................................. $
40,000 H.R.H. the
Heir
Presumptive........................................
10,000 H.R.H. Princess
$ 2,989,330.47 '...Decrease of Liabilities, Postal
Savings Bank, during the
biennial period ending Mar.31st,1894.... $ 259,932.91
[Current Expenditures]: 'Interest on all
loans'......................................... $
379,116.89 'Loan Fund
Expenditures (2 years)................ $ 662,493.86
[Assets, listed]: Government Lands, Crown Lands,
Harbor Improvements, Water
Works, Public buildings, Cash in Hand $7,594,601.39
'...[p.9] The table from which the assets are made up
is for convenience
inserted in full in the Report of the Registrar of
Public essed. '...For the
tables I am indebted to J.A. Hassinger, Esq, and also
the the Chief and
Assistants of the several bureaus.
'...For land values, I beg to make special mention of
Messrs. J. F. Brown and C.
P. Iaukea.The previous inventory was made in 1889, and
amounted to
$5,779,576.00.
'...The increase of $1,815,025.39 has resulted
pr............................. $ 200,298
=======================
Title Guaranty Co., about 1998 on
American annexations.
C.3. Territories Annexed by the United States Treaties
with Purchase or
Assumption of Public Debt: Alaska (1867) and Hawaii
(1898). The two last
territories annexed by the United States in the 19th
century were Alaska and
Hawaii.
(C.) 3. (1.) Acquisition of Alaska [1867]...'[The]
land after ratification of
the republic's constitu tion [1894]. In the earlier
proposal for annexation,
the Commission of the Provisional Government [1893]
offered to cede Hawaii to
the United States, also requesting that it absorb the
public debt. The
annexation treaty of 1893 was refused. The Republic of
Hawaii was annexed as a
Territory of the United States by a joint resolution
of Congress (July, 1898),
on the following terms of exchange:
(a) Ceding of all 'public and crown' lands in fee
title to the Unitednment
(1893) and Republic of Hawaii (1894) after the
overthrow; (d) Payment to
Princess Ka'iulani, successor to the Hawaiian throne,
for her loss of
sovereignty, the full amount of $150,000. [*Note:
Ka'iulani died before this
could be realized as part of the settlement]. (C) 4.1. Explanation (Historical Background). '...The 1874 election for members of the house of representatives occurred on the day before King Lunalilo died, but it claims attention here because the representatives then chosen participated in the legislature met in the regular session of 1874, one subject awaiting action was the thirty constitutional amendments...only two of them were adopted in the session of 1874, these being amendments which removed the requirement of a property qualification for voters'...[Ibid.: 191-192]...
(*Note: The property qualification was installed in
the Constitution of 1864 by
Lot Kamehameha V) '...[E]nacted into law during this
session [1874] , a few
[laws] were passed, such as...one to authorize a
national loough the simple
process of borrowing. Two weeks after he became king,
he suggested to his
ministers several measures that he wished them to
consider and propose to the
legislature; a loan was at the head of the list...'
'...The minister of finance, in his report, estimated
the amounts needed... a
total of $230,000, and recommended a loan to raise
that amount...
'...On June 22, the king sent to the legislature a
special message in which he
referred to the need for expansion of the nation's
economy and he cabinet during
the first year of the reign' [Ibid.: 192-193].
The public debt of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1874 was
$355,000; thereafter it
accrued at a steady rate: 1876 $ 459,000
[Kalakaua]
1878 445,000 1880 389,000 1882
299,000 1884 899,000 1886 $1,066,000
1887 ['Bayonet Constitution']
1888 $1,934,000 [Kalakaua] 1890 1, 934,000
1891 [Death of Kalakaua] [Lili'uokalani] 1892
$2,314,000
[Lili'uokalani] 1893 [Rev Hawaii, 1977:647; Table
25.13 Funded Debt,
1856 to 1976].
(C). 4.2. Background of the One-Third 'Auhau (Taxable
Provender) Principle as
Revenue to the Ali'i Nui (Paramount Sovereign) in the
Public Treasury of
Government Lands as Lands of the Crown (Aina o ka Lei
Ali'i) [1848-1898].
In December, 1846 Kamehameha III had detained
William Little Lee, who was on
his way to Oregon Territory with a friend, Charles
Bishop. He appointed Lee, who
had credentials in law, a judge of the court of ori6
Act to Organize the
Executive Departments]...was the article relating to
the board of commissioners
to quiet land titles...passed December 10, 1845...
[Ibid.: 263].
Earlier, in the Laws of 1840-42 of the kingdom, the extinguished feudal titles to lands held by the paramount chiefs (ali'i nui), district chiefs (ali'i 'aimoku), and ahupua'a chiefs (ali'i 'ai ahupua'a) before the conquests [1782 - 1795, including the cession of Kaua'i, 1810] of Kamehameha I had been identified as ng of Kaumualii with Kamehameha I, on
shipboard' [Laws of 1840,
1842, Section 7 in Thurston, Lorrin A., The
Fundamental Law of Hawaii, 1904: 20]
In the Battle of Mokuohai [1782] Kamehameha defeated
the paramount title (ali'i
nui) of Kiwala'o, inherited from his father,
Kalaniopu'u, in all six districts
of the island of Hawai'i. The district titles (ali'i
'aimoku) of Kona
[Ke'eaumoku, Kame'eiamoku, Kamanawa, Keaweaheulu] were
left intact because
Kamehameha had bee title after defeat, and Ka'u, the
home district of Kiwala'o
was added to his territory. There was only one
exception: Kamehameha and Kona
chiefs would no longer be sending their proportional
'auhau taxes on provender
to the ruling chief of Ka'u. Keawema'uhili (Hilo) and Keouaku'ahu'ula (Ka'u and
Puna) were now in the position of paying the 'auhau
taxes to Kamehameha's
district. The losing chiefs allied with the high chief
of Maui, Kahekili against
Kamehameha ameha then made war on Kalanikupule and
Koalaukani, sons of
Kahekili, on Maui. On Maui Kamehameha won the decisive
battles of Ka'uwa'upali
and Ke-pani-wai-o-'Iao against Kahekili's sons. They
escaped to Waikiki for
safety at Kahekili's residence on O'ahu. In the
meantime Kamehameha put down the
rebellion of Keouaku'ahu'ula [district chief of Ka'u
and Puna] on Hawaii. Ka'eo,
a brother of Kahekili and high chief of Kaua'i,
fearing the power Kamfdom of
Maui and also his uncle Ka'eo's subordinate title to
Kaua'i and Ni'ihau under
the chiefdom of Maui. Kamehameha, however, was not
far behind, and Kalanikupule
had little time to incorporate his cousin Kaumuali'i
in stopping Kamehameha's
advance. Kamehameha engaged Kalanikupule at the
Battle of Nu'uanu [1795] where
he gained the entire title to the chiefdom of Maui,
Kaumuali'i ceding the
vanquished subordinate title ohowever, those residuums
which were taken previous
to the country's becoming subject to Kamehameha I...on
Hawaii, these are the
residuums to be restored, those which have been seized
since the Battle of
Mokuohai,--on Maui taken since the battle of
Kauwaupali, -- Oahu, all since the
battle of Nuuanu-- on Kauai all since the friendly
meeting of Kaumualii with
Kamehameha I, on shipboard' [Laws of 1840, 1842,
Section 7
(D). Statement of the Interpretation of Principles and Customary usage by the Board of Commissioners to Quiet Land Titles
(1845-1847)
[1836 Treaty]...'established in 1836, between this
government and Lord Edward
Rug...'
'...[Declaration of Rights, Section 3]...requires that
every tenant of land, by
whomsoever owned, shall work 36 days in the year for
the King or government,
showing clearly that there is no individual who has an
allodial title to the
soil, the title remaining with the King..
'...This appears clear, not only from the first
principles of justice, but also
from the first principles of justico this principle, a
tract of land now in the
hands of a landlord and occupied by tenants, if all
parts of it were
equallyvaluable, might be divided into three equal
parts, and anallodial
title to one then be given to the lord, and the same
title to the
tenants of one third, and the other one third would
remain in the hands
of the King, as his proportional right...' [An Act
to Organize thes
autocracy was, however, diminished by the King's
liberal and voluntary surrender
to his people in the Constitution, 8th October, 1840,
in which the
government or body politic and the King are for the
first time
contradistinguished as follows:
'...He (the King) also shall have the direction of the government property...
'He shall also retain his own private lands, and lands
forfeite Constitution of
1840, between government lands and private lands of
the King...' [Ibid.:6-7]
(3). The Creation of Government Lands as the 'Lands
of the Crown', or Crown
Lands, in the Great Mahele Law (1848):
'...AND WHEREAS, It hath pleased our Sovereign Lord
the King, to place the lands
so made over to his Chiefs and the People, in keeping
of the House of Nobles and
Rep.
In order to do this the king had to first defeat the
ali'i nui and 'aimoku
titles to lands of the sovereignty [i.e., lands of the
crown, government lands],
and the ali'i aimoku district titles. In a separate
action by which the titled
nobles wrote letters to Judd as Minister of Interior
listing the king's
separate lands, they deleted the lands which his
father had conquered Kanaina
(b) December 16, 1847: Abner Paki J. Ka'eo John I'i
Jonah Pi'ikoi
(c) December 18, 1847: Keohokalole C. Kapa'akea L.
Kaunuohua
Once these lands were confirmed, the next step in
separating the king's
allodial title into fee titles to the nobles was the negotiation at Pakaka, Jonah Pi'ikoi on behalf of the ali'i claims,rinciple of one-third 'auhau (tax assessed on provender) as the amount of proportional claim in kingdom lands. Fromived no lands from the king: Alexander Liholiho. [*see note below] His father,Matthew Kekuanaoa, his wife to be (Emma Rooke), sisters (Ruth Ke'elikolani and Victoria Kamamalu), and brothers (Moses and Lot Kamehameha) all received grants of their own. They began to enjoy their ownership of these lands immediately after the 1848 Mahele. [*Note: David Kalakaua, who became king, and his sister Lili'uokalani, who succeeded him as queen, received no lands directly from the Great Mahele (1848) but as the heirs of their mother, Keohokalole]. Alexander had to wait until the death of the king [December, 1854] in order to effect the provisions of the king's will [1853] as the heir of Kauikeaouli [Kameha-meha III] after the Probate of 1854, by which the remainder of lands (after setting side lands for Queen Kalama) became his inheritance.
All costs for the maintenance of the monarch while he
(or she) were in the
royal office were paid from the kingdom treasury ,
or public purse, under the
Minister of Finance. Beginning in 1846, sections of
the treasurer's report
called the 'Civil List' were required biennially
from the Minister of Finance.
The Civil List detailed expenditures which
government revenues paid for
support of the royal office of the sovereign monarch:
[1846] '...[For] the
support of the King's royal state, repairs of the
palace, forts, buoys and
government vessexpenses, including debts paid off,...$77,829.69... Balance of cash on hand this day, $20, 119. 52' [Report of the Minister of Finance Read Before His Majesty to the Hawaiian Legislature, Aug. 1, 1846]. In that year the Minister of Finance also stated:
'As compared with the previous year, the receipts at
the Treasury have increased
$11,901.53...while the expenses, including what has
been paid on the public
debt, have fallen short of the income. This desirable
result is in a great
measure to be ascribed to the rigid economy that has
been practiced in
every department of the government, of which the King
himself has set an
example' [Ibid.]
'...[D]ebts payable...$45,192.92; [D]ue the Treasury...$69,811.07; Leaving a balance in favor of the Treasury of $24,618.15.'
[1851]...'The receipts of the past year exceed those
of. '...The condition of
the revenue for the year ending 31st March, 1851...
[i.e., four years
later]...is unsually prosperous...derived from cash on
hand last year [1850],
$46, 191.18...
The greatest increase is from duties, licenses and
sales of land, a
sufficient proof of the growing prosperity of the
Islands, in commerce and
agriculture, no new taxes having been imposed...' [Ibid.p.12].
Sales of land imply that the Great Mahele land
division of 1848 was having a
direct effect on the economy:
'...The members of the 'Treasury Board,' now present
in the House of Nobles, may
look with much satisfaction upon the result of the
labors they undertook
in 1842, some of which are the extinction of the
national debt, with its
devouring 12 per cent per annum interest...
'...Again, there is, every year, a large amount of
cather ways expended so as
never to be taken away from the country...
'...Unlike many other countries, we have a sufficiency
of coin for the uses of
commerce...[(signed) G.P. Judd].
[1855]...' Most of our exports are made to the West
Coast of the United States,
and the import duties there upon our products are an
average of thirty per cent.
The removal of this restriction would undoubtedly
give a great
impulse to our agricultural interests, and afford
every inducement to the
investment of capital in this branch of industry, so
essential to the
prosperity of the islands'...[Ibid. 6].
'...It involves the same principles as those of the
treaty formed with Great
Britain, for reciprocal trade with British North
America. Our trade is as
important in degree to the citizens of the Pacific
coast of the United States,
asajesty's Privy Purse, $32,000 expended H.R.H.
Princess Victoria
4,000 ' H.R. H. Lot Kamehameha 8,000 '
Palace 7,000 ' Expenses of His Majesty's
Marriage 2,500 ' The Queen [Emma]
4,000 ' The Queen Dowager [Kalama] 2,000 ' His
Majesty's
secretary 2,000 ' Total $61,500 [*Note: 1863
Death of
Kamehameha IV; 1864 Reign of Kamehameha V] [1864]
Report of the Minister of
Finance [Reign of Kamehameha V] 'The amount to the
Queen Dowager [Emma]
($17,000) has been paid...I beg to call the attention
of your Honorable Body to
the extra appropriations made in Privy Council, in
consequence of the death of
our much lamented Sovereign, Kamehameha IV, and of his
son, the Prince of
Hawaii...
[1864-1865, continued]:
..'The administration of the estate of of lands of his
late Majesty
$13,753 From sheep 6,498 From other
personal property belonging to 7,255 his Majesty From
revenue of Crown Lands,
1864-1865 35,198 From bonds issued and cash from
treasury 27,000
$89,704
'...It will be borne in mind that some of the
Exchequer Billsl...were issued to
the Commissioners of Crown Lands...By the law the
bills so issued were made a
charge upon the revenue of Crown Lands....'
[(Signed) Charles C. Harris, Minister of Finance]
[*Note: Death of Lot Kamehameha V, 1872; succeeded by
first elected king,
William Lunalilo (1872-1873 reign); succeeded by David
Kalakaua (1873- 1891
reign]. [1874] '...The Public Debt...The total funded
debt amounts to
$340,200.00 On the 31st of March, 1872, the debt
was.......... '...Making
a total debt of.....................................................
$355,050.76
'...The interest charges on the debt are: Twelve per
cent per annum
on...............................$ 25,600.00 Nine per
cent per annum
on...................................$ 272,600.00
'Expenditures authorized by Privy and Cabinet Council:
Funeral of Kamehameha
V..................................... $ 11,661.62
Funeral of Lunalilo..................................................
$ 11,988.50
[1876] ' ...Total revenue for the period......................................$
1,008,191.85 The expenditure for the period......................................
919,356.93 Balance in the Treasury,
April 1, 1876.........................$ 89,599.49
Borrowed on
Bonds.........ounds:
This appropriation has been largely overdrawn, the
total amount expended being
$36,911.31; $8,360 of the sum, however, was for the
purchase of the Sumner lot
and house, on the north corner of the Palace Square.
'...On the examination of
the old Palace [i.e., Kamehameha III palace, formerly
Victoria Kamamalu's house]
it was found to be in such a condition that any
expenditure of money upon it for
extensive repairs would be wholly unadvisable.
[1878] '...Balance in the treasury 31st March
1876.......$ 89,599.49
'...Receipts for the period, April 21st to
Mar.31,1878...
1,151,713.45 '...Total
revenue..................................................................$1,241,
312.94 '...Total expenditures....................................................................
.............. $ 44,382.57 '.. His Majesty's
Privy Purse and Royal State
[Civil List] 45,000.00 '...Expenses of His Majesty at Washington.....................$ 20,000.00 '...His Royal Highness Prince Leleiohoku.......................$ 6,000.00
[1882] '...Under a resolution of the Assembly my
predecessor loaned the Crown
Commissioners for account of His Majesty the sum of
$27,000, of which sum $3,000
has been returned... '...The case of H.R.H. the
Princess Liliuokalani whom His
Majesty was pleased to appoint Regent during His
absence from the Kingdom last
year, was taken under consideration of the Ministers,
shortly after His
Majesty's departure, they decided to recommend to the
Minister of Finance to pay
Her Rosked [p.9] [(signed) John S. Walker, Minister of
Finance] 'Expenditures of
the Hawaiian Treasury for the Fiscal Period Ending
March 31, 1882...[Civil List,
(biennial)]:
His Majesty's Privy Purse and Royal
State............................. $
45,000.00 Her Majesty the Queen [i.e. Kapiolani......................................
10,000.00 H.R.H. Heir
Presumptive [i.e.Liliuokalani] (annual)............... 10,000.00 H.R.H. Princess Likelike..............................................................
8,000.00
H.M. Chamberlain and Secretary..............................................
5,000.00 H.M. Household Expenses.........................................................
16,000.00
Expenses of H................... 5,000.00 ......Rent
of Lot Aliiolani
Hale................. 720.00
[*Note: 'Lot Aliiolani Hale', formerly Kamehameha
Palace, now Supreme Court
Building] [1870 Reign of Kamehameha V [Civil List,
biennial, compared]: His
Majesty's Privy Purse and Royal
State............................ $ 35,000.00
His Majesty's Chamberlain and Secretary............................ 5,000.00 $
40,000.00
[1864] Reign of Kamehameha IV [Civil List, 1862-63,
compared]:
His Majesty's Privy Purse and Royal
State........................... $
34,000.00 H.R.H. the Prince of Hawaii......................................................
983.26 H.M. the
Queen [i.e. djust the loan amounts to give the true
total of receipts showing
actual income received (i.e., with loan amounts). The recapitulation readjustment immediately below is courtesy of preparer of this essay and is not from the 1884 report of John M. Kapena]:
>From Crown Commissioners, Loan to His Majesty........
12,000.00 From Loan Fund,
Act Aug. 12, 1882.................................
530,000.00 From Loan Act,
Sept. 27,
1876..........................................
138,900.00 $
680,000.00
Total: $ 3,092,085.42 Less
loan amount: 680,000.00 Readjusted: $
2,412,085.42
[1884 continued] Expenditures:
Department of Interior.....En........................
$ 10,000.00
Sundry Expenditures (and Indemnity accounts): Expense
of Loan
Act..................................................
3,005.25 Interest on Loan
Act, August 5, 1882...................... 11,652.00
Interest on Special Loan...........................................
2,070.10 Interest on Loan Act,
September 27th, 1876......... $ 9,423.00 [Civil List, expenditure total]: ......................................................
$ 148,500.00 [*Note:
increase of $48,500, compared with 1882, no breakdown]
[1886] Treasury balance, 31st day of March,
1884............. $
2,220.42 Treasury balance, April 1st, 1886.ed]:
'...Recapitulation............................................................
$
3,010.654.61 '...Present (public) debt................................................
1,065,600.00
[Civil List, breakdown]: '...H.M. Privy Purse and
Royal
State........................... $ 50,000.00 ....H.M.
the Queen...........................................................
16,000.00
....HRH Heir Presumptive...............................................
16,000.00 ....HRH Princess Likelike...............................................
12,000.00 ....HRH
Princess
Ka'iulani.............................................
5,000.00
....H.M. Chamberlain and Suragement of Japanese
Immigration............. $
241,127.14 ...Immigration of Portuguese........................................
86,130.76 ...For the return of South Sea Islanders..................... 9,347.25
[1887 Intermediate Report of the Minister of Finance]:
'The ordinary receipts for the same period (April 1st
to March 31st, 1888) were
estimated by the Minister of Finance at............ $
2,839,924.85 Leaving to
be raised by loan............................ $
1,727,452.16
'The Appropriation Bill for the biennial period from
April 1st to March 31st,
1888, calls for an Expenditure
of................................. $
4,567,477.16
'The 665,000.00
'Of the $2,000,000 loan authorized $1,500,000 has been
borrowed and disposed of.
Of this amount there has been netted in Honolulu and
San Francisco..................................................................
$
1,264,699.26 'The difference being made up by Expenses
of loan in Honolulu
$36,243.35 '...Commissions on $1,000,000 retained by
Syndicate in
London $70,000.00 '...For expenses
floating loan
in London (not allowed) $75,000.00
'...Loss on Exchange London to San Francisco......... $21,992.39 '...Rothschilds & Sons commissions.............................. 2,065.00 i.e., John M. Kapena] took up $500,000 of 6 per cent, Spreckels bonds not due, with the money raised in London; that is to say, he virtually exchanged one set of $500,000 six per cent bonds for another set of six per cent bonds to the same amount, but which were burdened with heavy charges (seven per cent, at least).
'...This money need not have been borrowed for this
purpose. Under this state
of circumstances, the financial arrangements of the
Treasury got into
confusion... '...[Table C] is a statement of
outstanding bills, and claims
payable at once or within a few months, amounting to $280,773.94...
'...The estimated requirements of the Hawai on the
London
Loan........................................ 30,000.00
'...Nominal amount that may be borrowed ...........................$ 200,000.00
[*Note: i.e., from unexpended balances of Loan Fund]
'...[Recapitulation]: Total estimated Receipts.......................$
986,000.00 Amount to be
borrowed........................$ 200,000.00 Amount
still to be received from London Syndicate......$
75,000.00 $1,261,044.64 Deduct
total Estimated requirements................................$1,039,450.64
Estimated surplus Dec. 31, 1887.......................................$
221,593.77 [(Signed1 Hawaiian Postal Savings Bank..................................$ 153,328.97 Loan Act of Aug. 1st, 1874..........................................$
9,000.00
[1887, continued] [Civil List]: H.M's Privy Purse...................................................
$ 31,250.00
H.M.the Queen........................................................
10,625.00
H.R.H. Heir
Presumptive.......................................
9,332.00 H.R.H. Likelike........................................................
5,000.00 H.R.H. Kaiulani........................................................
7,000.00
H.M.5,000.00 Palace Stables........................................................$
2,668.06
[(Table B.) Disposition of Loan, $1,500,000]:
[*Totals]: '...For National Debt
paid after Oct. 15,1886..................$ 970,081.42 '...Retained by Syndicate in London............$ 1,205,382.16 '...Expenditures against Loan Fund: [*Totals]:................................................................$
1,456,192.61
[Department of Foreign Affairs]: '...Outstanding
claims against
Kaimiloa......................$ 7,000.00
[1888] Total revenue.....................................................$
4,821,750.80 actory to report regarding the 15,000
pounds mentioned in my
Intermediate Report, dated October 31st last, as
having been illegally retained
in London out of the proceeds of the 200,000 pounds
negotiated in that city...
'...I see no other course open but to commence suit
against our London
Financial Agent...if the Legislature approves of
this... [(signed) W. L. Green,
Minister of Finance]
[1890] '...[I] beg leave to call to your notice the
withdrawal from the public
service of my predecessor, Hon. W. L. Green, on
account of serious ill health,on
the 20th July 1889...
[The Public Debt]: '...Outstanding Bonds, Ja..$
2,599,502.00 Increase of debt [quarter]..................................................
$ 62,885.16
'...The public debt is held under two heads:
1st. The Bonded debt: this is distributed over a
series of years and bears
interest as follows:
6 per cent, bearing bonds, free of tax (of which
$1,000,000 are held in
London...[etc]..
2nd. The Postal Savings Bank deposits, subject to call
on 30 and 60 days'
notice, according to amount of deposit, and bearing
interest at the rate of
four and one-half percent per annum, amounts
to...$947,000.
'...[p.4, comment on the debt by the Minih, 1890.
'...Before proceeding
to a statement of the assets, your attention is drawn
to the returns which this
country is approximately receiving from parties who
have arrived under
the auspices of the Board of Immigration since 1864 ;
and to arrive at this
estimate, the figures have only been taken from
those who pay taxes
under the ten dollar limit... '...Taking Germans,
Portuguese, Japanese, Chinese
and a few of other nationalities, the number is found
to be 23,190, producing an
annual tax income of $112,654...
'...This I am satisfied is a low estimate, as it is
within a nancially speaking,
is a handsome percentage of profit...I cannot pass the
subject without alluding
to the real wealth
that is accruing to the state from the permanent
settlement of these various
nationalities...
'...Summary of Inventory and Estimated Value of
Property Belonging to the
Hawaiian Government
....................................... $ 5,797,576.00
[Expenditures, Civil List]: His Majesty's Privy Purse............................................. $
40,000 H.R.H. the
Heir
Presumptive........................................
10,000 H.R.H. Princess
$ 2,989,330.47 '...Decrease of Liabilities, Postal
Savings Bank, during the
biennial period ending Mar.31st,1894.... $ 259,932.91
[Current Expenditures]: 'Interest on all
loans'......................................... $
379,116.89 'Loan Fund
Expenditures (2 years)................ $ 662,493.86
[Assets, listed]: Government Lands, Crown Lands,
Harbor Improvements, Water
Works, Public buildings, Cash in Hand $7,594,601.39
'...[p.9] The table from which the assets are made up
is for convenience
inserted in full in the Report of the Registrar of
Public essed. '...For the
tables I am indebted to J.A. Hassinger, Esq, and also
the the Chief and
Assistants of the several bureaus.
'...For land values, I beg to make special mention of
Messrs. J. F. Brown and C.
P. Iaukea.The previous inventory was made in 1889, and
amounted to
$5,779,576.00.
'...The increase of $1,815,025.39 has resulted
pr............................. $ 200,298
=======================
